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May 2024: History of science 50, 100, and 150 years ago
Pavlov’s dog.dark side of mercury
1974, the bubble bursts: “About 3 to 4 percent of the ocean’s surface is covered in bubbles at any given time. They provide the primary mechanism for injecting material in the ocean’s top micrometers into the atmosphere. [such as sodium and potassium ions, proteins and plankton]. In the drawing (from bottom to top) How a collapsing bubble shoots a high-velocity jet of liquid into the air. ”
scientific americanVol. 230, No. 5; May 1974
1974
dark side of mercury
“On March 29, Mariner 10 transmitted revelatory information about Mercury. The spacecraft’s photos show that Mercury has many craters on its surface, little erosion, large smooth areas, In other words, he showed that it is very similar to Earth’s moon in that it has an ocean. Additionally, data on infrared radiation from the planet’s dark and illuminated sides indicate that its surface is very similar to the Moon. Due to its low density, it is probably rich in silicon and low in iron. However, Mercury’s overall mass shows that the density is 5.5 grams per cubic centimeter, while the moon’s density is 3.3 grams per cubic centimeter. Therefore, its core must be composed of heavy material, probably rich in iron and poor in silicon. Therefore, unlike the Moon or Earth, Mercury is a highly differentiated celestial body. ”
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1924
Probably a hydrogen bomb
“Hydrogen’s atomic weight is not exactly 1.0, but careful measurements show that it is 1.0077.” This slight discrepancy suggests that a huge amount of energy may be stored, and that we may someday be able to When we learn how to do that, it could be used for better or worse. Packing helium with hydrogen. [a small portion disappears]. 1.0077 becomes 1.0. Although the percentage of extinction will be small, the results will put all other energy sources to shame. The packing of atoms into atoms is a type of violent phenomenon. And returning the atoms to the non-circulating ether is the most violent of all. ”
pavlov’s dog
“The basis of neural activity is formed by the so-called reflexes and instincts. For example, food stimulates the food reflex in the animal, which consists of certain movements and secretions. Therefore, if we make some distinctive musical sound and always feed the dog at the same time, after a while, using this sound alone will be the same as the food itself. A food response is triggered. In this way, some reflexes are acquired. Innate reflexes are called unconditioned, and acquired reflexes are called conditioned. [Ivan Petrovich Pavlov of St. Petersburg, Russia]”
1874
mountains hidden in the desert
“The Wheeler Expedition’s geological inferences include the following: All parts of the United States west of the plains have wavy features, meaning that once horizontal strata are bent, broken, or formed into ridges. It means that it is thrown into a mountainous country, creating a wavy pattern. The ridges vary widely but generally conform to a northward trend. In the lower parts of this great mountain system, the slow but constant action of rain and rivers has accumulated so much debris that the valleys are clogged and the mountains are nearly or completely buried. In this way, the vast desert plains of Utah, Arizona, and Southern California were formed, with several semi-submerged peaks jutting from their surface. ”
when a skunk bites
“It is obviously difficult to add anything to the ozium that is already attached to the skunk, but the Rev. Horace C. Hovey presents evidence that this animal is as dangerous as it is unpleasant.” In it, he thinks a new disease has been discovered and gives it a name rabies mefitica, It is transmitted by skunk bites. Havie cited numerous cases of people and animals dying from frightening convulsions due to this cause. Given the large numbers of skunks in some parts of the country, broader research into this disease seems very important. ”
killer mollusk
“The Acclimatization Garden in Paris was recently gifted with a rare mollusk, Medusan polypus, which was placed in a tank containing similar creatures. To the astonishment of the curators, 24 hours later It turns out that the creature had killed everyone on the ship. After analyzing the water, it appears that the liquid is no longer water, but vinegar. Apparently, this animal produces alcohol, which is then turned into vinegar.
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